Reference LGR for language: Danish (da) | lgr-second-level-danish-language-18may21-en |
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This document is mechanically formatted from the above XML file for the LGR. It provides additional summary data and explanatory text. The XML file remains the sole normative specification of the LGR.
Date | 2021-05-18 |
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LGR Version | 2 (Second Level Reference LGR) |
Language | da (Danish Language) |
Unicode Version | 6.3.0 |
This document specifies a reference set of Label Generation Rules for Danish using a limited repertoire as appropriate for a second level domain.
Most references converge on 31 (29+2) Latin code points. In addition to the 29 letters of the alphabet proper, these include two letter used as part of the proper spelling of certain words: U+00E9 (é) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE and U+00FC (ü) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS. Both occur in spelling dictionaries and especially the former is used in many ordinary words. The repertoire here adds U+00E4 (ä) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS and U+00F6 (ö) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS, both of which are used in neighboring Sweden and Germany. Finally, the use of all three code points with diaresis, alone or together with code points from the core Danish alphabet such as U+00F8 (ø) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE is not uncommon in family names. All three are available on Danish keyboards.
There is no IDN table published in the IANA Repository of IDN Practices by .dk ccTLD, but the registry provides IDN information [700].
Letters documented in some references but not included:
U+00E0 (à) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
U+00E1 (á) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
U+00E2 (â) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+01FB (ǻ) LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE AND ACUTE
U+00E7 (ç) LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
U+00E8 (è) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
U+00EA (ê) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00EB (ë) LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
U+00ED (í) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
U+00EE (î) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00EF (ï) LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
U+00F0 (ð) LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH
U+00F1 (ñ) LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
U+00F3 (ó) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
U+00F4 (ô) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00F9 (ù) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
U+00FA (ú) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
U+00FB (û) LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
U+00FD (ý) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
U+00FE (þ) LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN
U+00FF (ÿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
U+0153 (œ) LATIN SMALL LIGATURE OE
U+01FD (ǽ) LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH ACUTE
U+01FF (ǿ) LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE AND ACUTE
The above list includes code points for languages like Faroese, which are written in territories associated with the country of Denmark, but that are not part of the Danish language.
None.
None.
This LGR defines no named character classes.
Common rules only:
Hyphen Restrictions — restrictions on the allowable placement of hyphens (no leading/ending hyphen and no hyphen in positions 3 and 4). These restrictions are described in section 4.2.3.1 of RFC5891 [120]. They are implemented here as context rule on U+002D (-) HYPHEN-MINUS.
Leading Combining Marks — restrictions on the allowable placement of combining marks (no leading combining mark). This rule is described in section 4.2.3.2 of RFC5891 [120].
Actions included are the default actions for LGRs as well as those needed to invalidate labels with misplaced combining marks.
This reference LGR for Danish for the 2nd Level has been developed by Michel Suignard and Asmus Freytag, verified in expert reviews by Michael Everson, Nicholas Ostler, and Wil Tan, and based on multiple open public consultations.
Language tag has been updated.
General references for the language:
Dansk sprognævn. 1996. Retskrivningsordbogen. 2. udgave. København: Aschehoug. ISBN 87-11-10000-1
Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992. Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1
Wikipedia: "Danish orthography",
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_alphabet
Sproget.dk, published in Danish as a co-operation between Kulturministeriets
institutioner for sprog og litteratur, Dansk Sprognævn (DSN) and Det Danske
Sprog- og Litteraturselskab (DSL). Section under "Råd og regler",
"Retskrivningsregler", "Bogstaverne",
http://sproget.dk/raad-og-regler/retskrivningsregler/retskrivningsregler/a7-1-6/a7-1-bogstaverne
Københavns Universitet. Afdeling for Navneforskning, "Navneforskning" (Department for Name Research, Copenagen University)
http://danskernesnavne.navneforskning.ku.dk
accessed 2015-11-24
Omniglot: Danish (dansk)
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/danish.htm
In the listing of the repertoire by code point, references starting from [0] refer to the version of the Unicode Standard in which the corresponding code point was initially encoded. Other references (starting from [100]) document usage of code points. For more details, see the Table of References below.
Number of elements in repertoire | 44 | ||||
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Number of code points for each script |
|
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Longest code point sequence | 1 |
The following table lists the repertoire by code point (or code point sequence). The data in the Script and Name column are extracted from the Unicode character database. Where a comment in the original LGR is equal to the character name, it has been suppressed.
See also the legend provided below the table.
Code Point |
Glyph | Script | Name | Ref | Required Context | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U+002D | - | Common | HYPHEN-MINUS | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | not: hyphen-minus-disallowed | |
U+0030 | 0 | Common | DIGIT ZERO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0031 | 1 | Common | DIGIT ONE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0032 | 2 | Common | DIGIT TWO | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0033 | 3 | Common | DIGIT THREE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0034 | 4 | Common | DIGIT FOUR | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0035 | 5 | Common | DIGIT FIVE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0036 | 6 | Common | DIGIT SIX | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0037 | 7 | Common | DIGIT SEVEN | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0038 | 8 | Common | DIGIT EIGHT | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0039 | 9 | Common | DIGIT NINE | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0061 | a | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0062 | b | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER B | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0063 | c | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER C | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0064 | d | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER D | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0065 | e | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0066 | f | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER F | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0067 | g | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER G | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0068 | h | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER H | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0069 | i | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER I | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+006A | j | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER J | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+006B | k | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER K | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+006C | l | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER L | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+006D | m | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER M | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+006E | n | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER N | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+006F | o | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0070 | p | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER P | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0071 | q | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Q | [0], [100], [301], [401], [502], [601] | ||
U+0072 | r | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER R | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0073 | s | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER S | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0074 | t | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER T | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0075 | u | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0076 | v | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER V | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0077 | w | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER W | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0078 | x | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER X | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+0079 | y | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | [0], [100], [301], [401], [502], [601] | ||
U+007A | z | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER Z | [0], [100], [301], [401], [501], [601] | ||
U+00E4 | ä | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [402], [503], [700] | ||
U+00E5 | å | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [401], [501], [603], [604], [700] | ||
U+00E6 | æ | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER AE | [0], [100], [200], [401], [501], [603], [604], [700] | ||
U+00E9 | é | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE | [0], [100], [200], [301], [402], [502], [700] | ||
U+00F6 | ö | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [302], [402], [503], [700] | ||
U+00F8 | ø | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE | [0], [100], [200], [401], [501], [603], [604], [700] | ||
U+00FC | ü | Latin | LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS | [0], [100], [302], [402], [503], [700] |
This LGR does not specify any variants.
The following table lists all named and implicit classes with their definition and a list of their members intersected with the current repertoire (for larger classes, this list is elided).
Name | Definition | Count | Members or Ranges | Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
implicit | Tag=sc:Latn | 33 | {0061-007A 00E4-00E6 00E9 00F6 00F8 00FC} | Any character tagged as Latin | |
implicit | Tag=sc:Zyyy | 11 | {002D 0030-0039} | Any character tagged as Common |
The following table lists all named rules defined in the LGR and indicates whether they are used as trigger in an action or as context (when or not-when) for a code point or variant.
Name | Regular Expression | Used as Trigger |
Anchor | Used as Context |
Ref | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
leading-combining-mark | (start)[∅=[[∅=\p{gc=Mn}] ∪ [∅=\p{gc=Mc}]]] |
✔ | [120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of combining marks | ||
hyphen-minus-disallowed | (((start))← ⚓︎)|(⚓︎ →((end)))|(((start)..\u002D)← ⚓︎) |
✔ | C | [120] | RFC5891 restrictions on placement of U+002D (-) | |
extended-cp | (start)(end) |
code points from the extended range |
Note: The following rules are defined but not used in this LGR: extended-cp.
The following table lists the actions that are used to assign dispositions to labels and variant labels based on the specified conditions. The order of actions defines their precedence: the first action triggered by a label is the one defining its disposition.
# | Condition | Rule / Variant Set | Disposition | Ref | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | if label matches | leading-combining-mark | → | invalid | by default, labels with leading combining marks are invalid | |
2 | if any label (catch-all) | → | valid | catch all |
The following lists the references cited for specific code points, variants, classes, rules or actions in this LGR.
[0] | The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 6.3.0, (
Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2013. ISBN 978-1-936213-08-5)
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/ Code points cited were originally encoded in Unicode Version 1.1 |
[100] | Internetstiftelsen i Sverige (IIS), "IDN Reference table for Danish language"
https://github.com/dotse/IDN-ref-tables/blob/master/language-tables/danish-lang-ref-table.txt |
[120] | RFC5891, Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891 |
[200] | ISO/IEC 6937 Third Ed. 2001-12-17- Information
technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet: Table D.1 (p 35) Use of Latin alphabetic characters. This table lists only the characters outside the set a-z |
[301] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Danish" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/danish.pdf Code points cited form the standard set |
[302] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Danish" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/danish.pdf Code points cited are from an extended set |
[304] | Everson, Michael. The Alphabets of Europe: "Danish" http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/danish.pdf Code points cited are rare or archaic |
[401] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) -
Locale Data Summary for Danish [da] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/da.html Code points cited are from the set of Main Letters |
[402] | The Unicode Consortium, Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) Version 28 (2015-09-16) -
Locale Data Summary for Danish [da] http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/28/summary/da.html Code points cited are from the Auxiliary set |
[501] | Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992.
Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 1: Letters essential for the language |
[502] | Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992.
Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 2: Letters commonly used, but not essential |
[503] | Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992.
Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 3: Letters used for names, in common practice |
[504] | Dansk sprognævn, in Icelandic Council for Standardization. 1992.
Nordic cultural requirements on information technology. Reykjavík: Staðlaráð Íslands. ISBN 9979-9004-3-1 Code points cited are of category 4: Letters that are rarely used |
[601] | Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets accessed 2015-10-31 According to this reference, the alphabet is listed as using the full basic set A-Z |
[603] | ISO/IEC 646:1991 — Information
technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange Code points cited are supported in a national edition of ISO-646. |
[604] | Wikipedia: "Latin Alphabets" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabets. accessed 2015-10-31 The table only lists code points beyond A-Z |
[700] | DK Hostmaster A/S "Tegnsæt for domænenavne"
https://www.dk-hostmaster.dk/find-dk-domaenenavn/tegnsaet-for-domaenenavne/ Code points cited are the non-ASCII code points listed by the registry for .dk domain |